| Abandoned: |
Kiwifruit vines un-pruned or un-tied after 1 October each year, or where fruit is un-harvested after 30 June each year. |
| Act: |
Means the Biosecurity Act 1993. |
| ACVM: |
Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines approvals group within MAF is responsible for legislation under the ACVM Act 1997. |
| Agrichemicals: |
Means substances intended by the manufacturer, distributor, vendor or discharger to cause or promote or facilitate any of the following effects:
- the control of plant growth (other than primarily as a fertiliser or soil conditioner) by the use of substances such as but not restricted to categories of herbicides, algaecides, defoliants or fruit-setting hormones.
- the control of bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, by the use of substances such as but not restricted to the categories bactericides, fungicides or viricides.
|
| Apoplast: |
The network of interconnected spaces within the living cells of a plant, including spaces within the cell walls, between cells, or in nonliving tissue. It provides the main pathway for the movement of water between the sap-conducting vessels and the cells. |
| Appropriate: |
Means determined to be appropriate by KVH or its officers to be proper and suitable after the consideration of relevant factors. |
| Asexual: |
Relates to reproduction that occurs without the union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg). |
| Assessment survey: |
Refers to an assessment done to determine the need for pest management on a site-specific basis. An assessment will include consideration of:
- the presence or absence of Psa
- whether existing Psa risk management (if any) is adequate
- the practicality of Psa management options.
No assessment will be made without prior consultation with affected orchard owners. |
| Authorised person: |
Means a person (KVH representative) for the time being appointed an authorised person under section 103 of the Act. |
| Beneficiary: |
Means the receiver of benefits accruing from the implementation of a pest management measure or the Strategy. |
| Boundary control: |
Means the standard adopted whereby occupiers are required to treat the plants in boundary situations. Plants will be treated by a recognised method, at
intervals that will ensure the pest plant is totally controlled for an ‘appropriate’ distance. |
| Control: |
Means to either:
- limit or decrease the extent or density of the infestation by an approved method; or
- stop the growth and/or spread of the disease by an approved physical, mechanical, chemical, or biological method.
|
| CPS: |
Crop Protection Standard. |
| Destroy: |
Means to immediately, by an approved method extinguish all growth of a plant. |
| Distribute: |
Means to propagate, offer for sale or sell, transport a kiwifruit plant or budwood. |
| Dry Matter (DM): |
Average dry matter content is calculated as the ratio of dry to fresh weight. Dry Matter = Dry Weight divided by Fresh Weight. Dry weight constituents include carbohydrates, proteins, acids and minerals. |
| Elicitors: |
Elicitors are products that induce the plants defence mechanisms allowing them to fight infection. In other crops they have been shown to provide control, similar to that described for biological sprays. Generally, there is a time delay between the spray application and the elicitor effect being activated. The effect is relatively short term requiring additional applications. Knowing beforehand when an infection will happen and applying the elicitor appropriately is likely to be the key to success. Elicitors have to be used carefully, as too much elicitor can induce the plants to shut down and resulting in decreased plant growth. |
| Endophytes: |
Plants or fungus that lives inside another plant. It may or may not be a parasite of its host plant. |
| Epidemiology: |
The scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population |
| Epiphytes: |
Bacterial cells or fungus that lives within a plant for part of its life without causing obvious signs of disease. |
| Exacerbator: |
Means a person, who by their action or inaction, contributes to the creation, continuance or aggravation of a pest management problem. |
| Gram-negative bacterium: |
The name given to bacteria that do not retain dye in a Gram staining test. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain is added after the crystal violet, coloring all Gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink color. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their bacterial cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria will retain the dye when washed in solution. |
| Grower: |
In relation to any orchard physically occupied by any person, means that person and includes any agent, employee or other person acting or apparently acting in the general management or control of the place. |
| Hort 16A: |
Varietal name for ZESPRI™ GOLD Kiwifruit. |
| HortResearch: |
Horticultural Research Institute of New Zealand. |
| HRA: |
High Risk Area. A HRA surrounds a defined Priority Zone (PZ). It is to ensure there is a suitable 'buffer zone' around the border of that particular PZ. |
| Hydathodes: |
A type of secretory tissue in leaves that secretes water through pores in the epidermis (the thin outermost layer of leaves) or margin of leaves. |
| In-vitro: |
Refers to studies in biology that are conducted (in a lab) using samples of an organism (plant or animal). For example, if we were testing copper residues on leaves it would involve taking leaf samples from vines in an orchard and running tests (in-vitro) in a laboratory environment. |
| JA: |
Justified Approval. |
| KPIN: |
Kiwifruit Property Identification Number. All kiwifruit growers must have one. |
| Microbes: |
Microbes are invisible to the naked eye, that is, they can only be viewed through the aid of a microscope. They are classified to one of the four major groups: bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa. Microbes are found in plants and animals, within the human body, living in air, soil, rock and water. They are responsible for both good and bad health. |
| NZKGI: |
New Zealand Kiwifruit Growers Incorporated—grower representative body. |
| OGR: |
Orchard Gate Return. The income growers receive for their fruit. |
| Pathogen: |
A microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus that causes disease in its animal or plant host. |
| Pathology: |
The scientific study of the nature, origin, progress, and cause of disease. |
| Pathovars |
The name given to a strain of Psa to indicate on which host it causes disease, i.e. Psa pv. actinidiae infects kiwifruit while Psa pv. syringae infects beans. |
| Phloem: |
This is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, in particular, glucose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. |
| Policy: |
Means a specific statement that guides or directs decision-making. |
| Post-harvest: |
Packhouse and coolstore operations. |
| PZ: |
Priority Zone. An area established by KVH around the Psa-V infected orchards. This encompasses any Psa-V infected orchards and their immediate neighbours. |
| Prokaryotes: |
Prokaryotes are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. |
| Psa: |
Means Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae bacterial disease of kiwifruit vines and an unwanted organism under the Biosecurity Act 1993, sections 52 and 53. |
| Psa-LV: |
A genetically distinct low virulence form of Psa |
| Psa-V: |
A genetically distinct high virulence form of Psa |
| Regional Council: |
Has the same meaning as in the Local Government Act, and includes the Chatham Islands District Council and any unitary authority. |
| Road: |
Means a road as defined in section 315 of the Local Government Act 1974, which includes the land contained within the legal boundaries. A formed road is one that has a formed carriageway and is under the control of and maintained by a road controlling authority. An unformed road is one that is not under the control of or maintained by a road controlling authority whether or not it has a formed carriageway. |
| RSE: |
The Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy is a policy that facilitates the temporary entry of additional workers from overseas to plant, maintain, harvest and pack crops in the horticulture and viticulture industries to meet these labour shortages in order to remain competitive with the rest of the world. |
| Sale: |
Includes bartering, offering for sale, exposing, or attempting to sell, or having in possession for sale, or sending or delivering for sale, causing or allowing to be sold, offered or displayed for sale, and includes any disposal whether for
valuable consideration or not. |
| Self-propagated: |
Means a plant established from a seed or fragment, and which was not intentionally established for the purposes of cultivation. |
| Stomata: |
Stomata are tiny openings or pores, found on the underside of a plant leaf and used for plant respiration. |
| Surveillance: |
Means to survey areas to establish the absence, presence or extent of Psa. |
| Systemic: |
Refers to the process of a substance or organism that is capable of spreading through all the tissue of a plant instead of being restricted to the surface. |
| Urban: |
Means any built up area zoned residential in any region where houses or dwellings are grouped together and are all generally less than 50 m from each other. Includes cities, towns and rural settlements but not rural/ residential areas where some houses are under 50 m apart and some are not. Also includes land zoned commercial or industrial. |
| V: |
Version. |
| Vector: |
Means any organism or thing which carries another organism into an area, or onto or into another host. |
| Virulent: |
Virulent is used to explain a stage of severe infection or damage to living organisms (plant or animal). |
| Waaihi Tapu: |
Means places or things which are sacred or spiritually endowed. These are defined locally by the hapu and iwi. |
| Wild kiwifruit: |
Means a self-propagated or abandoned plant of the Actinidiae species. |
| Xylem: |
One of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants. Its basic function is to transport water through out the plant |
